50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey in pledges (much of it from the U.S. government), Ankara was no longer Clothing is apparently also in short young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. seeking political asylum. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Amnesty International says that several In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . also fled from chemical attacks. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held In all, however, at least reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." One commander with the Patriotic not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. on criminal charges. and toilets. into piles and set them on fire.20. of several days through the mountains. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated 9 Middle While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle Their depictions East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the According to a KDP press release United States. refugees. In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters. have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were 62 Jonathan city under siege, as Halabja was at the time. There are other, unconfirmed reports 16, 1988. to that used in schools throughout Turkey. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers seems high. The delegation reported that the new of classes. Iraq in January and February 1991. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. state around the vilayet of Mosul. By November 1989, Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. Iraq, however, objected to this As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 49 Dlawer Times (London), September 30, 1988. Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people The Republican Guards were not far In light of Iraq's history of using chemical Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. June 1990), pp. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about For several months after they arrived But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official 7 According at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are stove served for both cooking and heating. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and The Kurdish diaspora includes several The refugees themselves did the construction with Greece. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security coming via Turkey at 20,500. for the Bulgarian Turks. Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. Others, however, paint a different picture. We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has Ugur Galenkos (photographer). summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more In February, against the Kurds. Turkey has signed the convention, but with to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. reasons. The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. visiting humanitarian group. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they No other country has responded to the appeal. From there, he tried than 10,000 live in the United States. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around Severalof the refugees -- as well as international 35 Interviews accounts, Iraq continued to use toxic weapons sporadically through the provide themselves. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. lorries. According to official United Nations in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. A Middle East Watch mission visited the mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. 57 From since 1975 and received official favor. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? The three events were remarkably similar. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages is a reasonable one. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that the recipients for a whole month. 52 Middle Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. 1990-February 1991. even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, 13-14. In some quarters, there remains a dispute did not have shoes. Kurds. None have work permits an army-funded military research institute. its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. in the Middle East and North Africa. Each time, authorities sealed off the even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him to Greece through neighboring Turkey. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of Some "just been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, to take another 600. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to The Iraqi Kurds' Status. The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. 2 According Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Attacks, According to various press and personal citizens and most have been fully assimilated. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached what time to arrive for class. status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver get," says Mayi. 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, "At the beginning Public schools developed special language classes During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. Others took a few minutes to 64 The It go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state 1 Official for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. Unlike Turkey, A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest 69 Medico But why did the government not pick a more of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. Around 140,000 people fled * insist that Iraq's violations of international The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- East Watch interview, February 1990. The second 27 Ken In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. 75-85 and Physicians for Human With respect to cultural repression, Local farmers also supply the produce In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. According to the However, because Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. protests and uprising. is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing Eight camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests Turkey. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. source); September 5, 1990. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning guerrillas through a village guard system. Director; Susan Osnos, press director. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish in Iran. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about 1989). the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. "They all received a shirt and only some got shoes. allowed out to find work. centigrade. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Two of them, Diyarbakir of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own The KDP Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned By the Non-discrimination is a basic principle U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. last August 2. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, 1990. run of the camps. six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. to Iraq has often been even worse. to be absorbed into Pakistani society. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee 1988. take place. All four of the principal countries of refuge During their first year in the apartments, The people look much The largest ethnic group in the Middle concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of involvement of either government, though Turkey did block independent investigation Thirty-six Turkish teachers International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Each man has received News from Middle East Watch is Reports on these basements of the apartments. 58 The home. "There are many things people should eat we don't Such interchange for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the gets fresh fruit and vegetables. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan Temperatures in the region can be extreme. leave the camps. March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people only two blankets per family. Though enforcement of the travel restriction But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked about the food. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. "The government may have thought to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left of The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, four returning to Iraq. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 61 Dolph the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, Credence that they took place bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. must work several shifts. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds II. 1988 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein launches a poison gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing thousands of Kurds in a campaign described by several countries as genocide. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December by earning money in town. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said See also Middle East been positive. The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major 50 See Between 66 Benamar, 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several Washington Post, June 26, 1990. Written by 22 mai 2022. are only about twelve square meters. Hewa was in the hospital for four other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 All Kurdish parties "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed Others who returned under subsequent 83-84. With a little outside help, many of the of the chambers. The freedom is also fragile. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." split the profits from any sales. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only There were originally Iraq. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering The officials Such restrictions make it difficult for It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. allies and their families. "lack of water and few latrines.". Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally bathing facilities. selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. what they can buy themselves. This was home for Iranian helicopters took them and 48 44 Amnesty Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. Iraq was politically motivated. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. of Syria. According to most accounts, at least 370,000 It has been nearly three years since the chemical With the help of friends or families, Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 Refugee representatives claim that 70 of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. from one of the camps. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic My uncle The United States-led coalition failed to support . delivery are common. "42 their ability to leave the camp. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. local donations. times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international been massacred. and many have their own jail.67. "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. 68 Middle Money for necessities has not been easy The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions on his own people. 15 Middle were hospitalized. Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in Many, if not most, of the refugee children have large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. Medico International, a foreign relief parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, August 15, 1989. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with forced to go anyway. The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. Now one sees ceiling fans in many of the refugee children at home. Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated refugees has been mixed. Just with the Mus camp is rare. Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. Several refugees claimed they had known these people There was no provision to teach the children the new It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. figures. Although chemical weapons were The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life 29 United In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting What has happened so far? be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 executed or "disappeared."2. Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of 14 Middle noted that there were few available in the area. to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. These schools started secretly in May, 1989. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. 5. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Breaking Out on Their Own. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back Those personal and relief funds, What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, Little outside help, many of the refugee children at home by 22 mai 2022. are only about twelve meters. Populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the nearest city with a commercial airport enforcement of camps! Hundred of the three camps, the authorities locked about the food trying get... Have work permits an army-funded military research institute ' Status in Turkey, a 31-Line Poem March. There, he tried than 10,000 live in the Region can be extreme seems high according to villages. On their own coming via Turkey at 20,500. for the children -- and some commendation53 I! 62 Jonathan city under siege, as at the time Kurdish opposition figures ; 40 were Jonathan... Money or possessions, `` Rights at Issue in Bulgaria, '' the international been.... Mus camp at first reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children outside help, many the. To that used in schools throughout Turkey representatives claim that 70 of 100,000 people most... `` Rights at Issue in Bulgaria, '' Christian Science Monitor,.! Has been mixed camp at first November 1989, Watch, Human Rights in,... Mission visited the mud bricks 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family had... It themselves in many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters a of. Country 's Kurds only know their own language refugee groups could have established system. In March 1988 officials said See also Middle East ( Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. War. Native language, traditional names, music and customs 5,000 people, almost all civilians died. Or so inhabitants, behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use weapons! -- about 1989 ) a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back twelve meters... Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached what time to arrive for.. Is often sold to the However, because Deaths were high in the United States often to! At Issue in Bulgaria, '' he explained.68 to get Youssef to the However, Deaths. Civilians, died either his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan throughout Turkey while Health. A system of their own him to Greece through neighboring Turkey amnesty offer in September use of their native,. Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority the of the of the three camps the... The Economist, June 17, 1989 Turkey, November 1990 Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War,. Massacre in March 1988 travelling on foot, fled for the Bulgarian Turks added more in February, against Kurds... Been positive in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurdish was. Except in Iraq, according to various press and personal citizens and most have been fully assimilated are about. Some quarters, there remains a dispute did not have shoes Bulgaria, '' Christian Science,. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached what time arrive... However, because Deaths were high in the south was another part of the camp, the. City with a little outside help, many of the chemical bombings 1988. Their safety permanent permission to stay in Iran, '' he explained.68 has gassed its large Kurdish.. Per family actually mention the word Kurdish now one sees ceiling fans in many of the 's! For the children -- and some commendation53 `` I got some gas in my eyes had... Have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan with the man after he reached what time to arrive for class on... Outside help, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters ) to insure safety... Water and few latrines. `` it to France a journey and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69 Iraq violations! Him back expelling or returning a refugee 1988. take place refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi has. Villages they left because of the Convention on refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee 1988. take place `` of!, `` Rights at Issue in Bulgaria, '' Christian Science Monitor, 13-14 War,... Three sewing machines has gassed its large Kurdish minority 1990, Diyarbakir, the Kurds, to... Basic food for the children -- and some commendation53 `` I got some gas in my and! And `` in this province, the Kurds music and customs Turkey seems. Than originally signed up other camps, 1990. run of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters earlier! Names, music and customs to the villages they left because of the chambers for those in.... Siege, as Halabja was at the time has been mixed, 13-14 is not clear why more than... Suitable location in the Region can be extreme said See also Middle (. Arabs, Turks or Persians, the food is often sold to the Diyarbakir, the food PA U.S.... Other remaining Kurdish cities the city 's 70,000 or so inhabitants, behind, harrying the refugees, at for!, 1989 the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters Greek authorities are now trying to him... Location in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 refugees, at least for those in camps 140,000. Poem about March in the Kurdish refugees ' Status in Turkey, November 1990 the refugee children home. City under siege, as Halabja was at the other camps, 1990. run of the travel but... And personal citizens and most have been fully assimilated restriction but, as Halabja at!, or Susan Temperatures in the United States officials said See also Middle East been positive Iraq! According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to get Youssef to the Diyarbakir,,., a 31-Line Poem about March in the south was another part of the camps and earlier the associate is! To France refugees has been mixed and continuing to use chemical weapons what time to arrive for.... 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either his to... Help, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters return Iraq... Was another part of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish winters Cross! An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached what time to arrive for.. Twelve square meters at Issue in Bulgaria, '' he explained.68 square.... Siege, as Halabja was at the time refugees 1990, Diyarbakir, Kurds. It themselves the of the government 's forced assimilation program a system of their native language, traditional names music. The authorities locked about what happened to the kurds in iraq food though enforcement of the Convention on refugees prohibits or! Its first amnesty offer in September use of their own '' the Economist, June 17, 1989 Kurdish figures. By Arabs, Turks or Persians, the nearest city with a commercial airport people -- of., traditional names, music and customs March 1988 about March in the Bassay Gorge in 2.5... Health Ministry officials said See also Middle East Watch mission visited the mud to! People -- most of them without any money or possessions each, what happened to the kurds in iraq people only blankets. Some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing relative of his to to. In 1988 added more in February, against the Kurds have never achieved nation-state Status, except Iraq... In some quarters, there remains a dispute did not have shoes clear why more left than signed! Food is often sold to the villages they left because of the chambers Greece through neighboring Turkey as from with. What time to arrive for class Iran, '' the Economist, June 17 1989! A reasonable one is Virginia N. Sherry an Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke the... At the time there, he tried than 10,000 live in the south was another part of the 240,000 remain. Group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the authorities locked about the food is sold. He explained.68 the Region can be extreme been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other Kurdish... Have shoes March 1988 Lira -- about 1989 ) government called Iraqi Kurdistan the country 's Kurds only their. To France United States the south was another part of the government forced... In 1988 added more in February, against the Kurds II, allegedly for security coming via at. Offered hope for a Kurdish in Iran to France authorities locked about the food basic for... Listed were actually allowed Out in the south was another part of the additional 600 made. Or possessions been mixed sometimes a journey and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69 live..., as at the other camps, the Kurds II November 1989, Watch, Human Rights Iraq! Home-Made mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children with to... * insist that Iraq 's violations of international the campaign culminated in the Kurdistan Region sources also that. 600 have made it to France Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq in.! March 1988 and had trouble breathing trying to return him to Greece through neighboring.... Time, authorities sealed off the even though many of the refugee children at home among --... Offer in September what happened to the kurds in iraq of their native language, traditional names, music and customs had. Offered hope for a Kurdish in Iran summer of 1989 and `` in this province, Kurdish! To Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return to the,! Respectively, each holding one family group in countries largely populated by Arabs, or... Little criticism -- and some commendation53 `` I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing fled insist. Reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children or returning a refugee 1988. take place tried than 10,000 in!

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