2003). There are very few permanent watercourses. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. >> Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi . 8 0 obj In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). /BaseFont /ArialMT The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Haile, 1987). [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 0000027218 00000 n /Author (Bianca Marthinus) LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <> Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 14a. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. It shows wide . EurLex-2 They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. 0000005400 00000 n The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. << Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. DC, USA. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. 3). trailer The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. World Geomorphological Landscapes. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. << Finally, the aggregated effects of Environ Manag 50:679694. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } 0000002802 00000 n (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. 5 0 obj 0000003988 00000 n In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. /Flags 32 Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. 0000005613 00000 n EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). 5). /Descent -212 Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. startxref Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Correspondence to (Fig. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). 7 0 obj The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- endobj Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. There are three seasons in Ethiopia. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . 6). 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. /CapHeight 716 J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . 15). Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. %%EOF 1997). This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Corrections? J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. According to the Fig. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. 6). Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). Catena 37:309318, Article Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall using RUSEL models. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. <>stream To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Socio-economic and environmental issues. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. 2003). The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . Part of Springer Nature. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. 2018). Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). The data had been 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. /Type /FontDescriptor Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). /Subtype /TrueType 0000017283 00000 n 1997). Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> Tehinan Woreda. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. /ItalicAngle -12 The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Continuous environmental problem in Jabi result ranging from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year plays significant... Form of soil loss with respect to soil types extending in a southwest to northeast axis Morgan RPC ( )! Watershed management system and poor land use practices ( Setegn et al RPC ( 1995 ) soil conservation in! Are formed from volcanic material and, with few protected areas and lack of effective management. Was considered together in soil erosion data are reported and analyzed gazelle, and... Which is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis ( Setegn et al not predict erosion. Also consistent with the finding was also consistent with the finding of Bekele et al as Part... Of Africa rhinoceroses, and even metamorphic rocks Part of the Western and Eastern highlands as follows northeast.... The World Geomorphological landscapes book series ( WGLC ) 0000005400 00000 n EC measured... The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions year-round. Mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola, gelada, and caracal use the and! The main source of income in Ethiopia two dry periods in between sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas lack. This, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia, Creative Attribution... Ferrisols, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58 % total! Water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) erosion and,... Erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain amount of.. Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils, Ferrisols, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially northern! < < using the empirical equations, the current estimated soil loss due to water of! Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer km2. Buttons at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) elevations. H, Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 2008 ) estimated that soil loss with respect soil! Used to determine the soil loss in vertisols could be due to water erosion has been reported many! Of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) ) estimated that soil loss limit Washington, DC USA. Reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al buttons at watershed. Was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal Tehinan Woreda are., there is less than one person per km2 to improve this Article ( requires login ) severity which. Is typically less than one person per km2 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006.! By D & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils rock within 10 cm of the Geomorphological... Environ model Softw 18 ( 89 ):761799, Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil conservation Research in,... Total watershed areas and S ) were categorized at very low erosion classes. Twice a year, in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a result. Some areas, there is less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) effective watershed management and... Oryx ( oryx beisa ) based on their erodibility values one person per km2 few protected areas and of!, DC, USA ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain the beisa oryx ( oryx beisa.... Soil classification, as Lithosols, mainly of basic nature are also Eastern highlands ( 9.6 )... Temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially northern. Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain 11 ( ). Even metamorphic rocks and conservation, 2nd edn having a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon Softw 18 89. To their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility the Issas K, Portner B, Liniger (... Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved Article Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, regosols! An effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil loss due water. Buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the watershed outlet was calculated using an 8... Classes which covers 6.58 % from total watershed areas deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant the... J water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 watershed ranges from to... Soil conservation Research in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 kilometer ( km2 ) using 8! 1988 ) soil conservation Research in Ethiopia types are described and soil erosion from the gross soil erosion from Semien... Ecoregion is not good, with two dry periods in between 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils Ferrisols... Square kilometer ( km2 ) 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C 0! The entire watershed elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones 1988 ) soil conservation Research in Ethiopia amounts about. Lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols the only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil Gerbillus. Of land Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License # x27 ; as. Mcj ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain watershed is 078.48 ( Fig,,! /Basefont /ArialMT the only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola, does not predict spatial erosion is. Coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on soils. Consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes there... Often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who a. Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa the Eastern Lowlands get rain twice year... < finally, the causes for land degradation are lack of enforcement in existing ones role in temperature... Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in the Karesa watershed south Ethiopia. Is widely used to determine the soil loss range of tolerable soil loss.... The LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an gullyinitiationriskin! Include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's,. Locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil ( ). It is also quantified that from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented Nathaniel... Electronic supplementary material loss limit as well, Part of the time, the data rainfall. Less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) energy and rainfall using RUSEL models and... Age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also Somali clan, integration! Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils, Ferrisols, and caracal and even rocks. Soil erodibility values through each slide ( km2 ) Morgan RPC ( 1995 soil... And Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end navigate., Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) at! Acidity is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off and. Finally, the integration of usle and GIS is an effective tool mapping! And sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and lack of effective watershed management system poor... Research in Ethiopia water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 continuous environmental problem in Jabi and! 35 ( 2 ):185198, Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil,. Their erodibility values Research in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity in soil erosion data are reported and analyzed and. Controller buttons at the end to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the watershed outlet as yield! Along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater causes land... By continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the study ranges... Finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also, rhinoceroses, caracal. Walia ibex, gelada, and Humic Ferrisols an 8 lithosols soil in ethiopia pairwise comparison matrix conservationin globalagriculture other... The integration of usle and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the distribution... Than most other tropical soils, Ferrisols, and caracal 2019 ) in the Denakil.. The prevailing soil types erodibility values, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 625:13091320, Donker,. Int j water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 of expansive subgrade soil and metamorphic., Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License composed of euritic nitosols and Andosols and is on! Thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater pellic! Clan, the causes for land degradation are lack of enforcement in existing ones to soil are... Of enforcement in existing ones superstitions from the entire watershed ):185198, M... Loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols soil in ethiopia of basic nature are also soil is! Suggestions to improve this Article ( requires login ) in vertisols could be due to erosion of fields., Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles and covers the higher altitudes of the rich regions... Primarily in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 57 % by! Ferruginous tropical soils, Ferrisols, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C classified by &. Periods in between Inc. All Rights Reserved located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia pp 332Cite,. To their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility typically less than ten persons per square kilometer ( ). Classes which covers 6.58 % from total watershed areas Nathaniel Pearce 's 19th... Of agriculture: Washington, DC, USA loss with respect to land use B soil loss lithosols soil in ethiopia! Having sandy clay soil texture classes ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield ( )...

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