Wilensky, H. L. (2002). Globalization Debates: Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous. There are some kind of governance mechanisms. Economic growth and sustainable development. Top 10 Principles of Syndicalism Explained! Today, convergence theory is used to understand the effects of globalization and how it impacts different societies. Earlier nationalism promoted territorialism, capitalism, and statism, now these plural identities are feeding more and more globality, hyper-capitalism and polycentrism. This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). Because the test is often not sensitive enough and the wrong exclusion of heterogeneity happens quickly, a lot of scientists use a p-value of < 0.1 instead of < 0.05 as the cut-off. There is a large amount of information that is shared between peoples of different cultures and political, social or geographic backgrounds. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. heterogeneity definition: 1. the fact of consisting of parts or things that are very different from each other: 2. the fact. References Globalization. Multinationals and later, global companies began to grow and multiply in record numbers. One of the options for convergence was proposed by the outstanding Dutch mathematician and economist Tinbergen, who put forward the theory of optimal order (Don, 2019). But it also made the world economy . SAGE Reference. The people still because of their cultural, religious and ethnic differences seem to abhor others and even get ready to launch tyrannical missions against each other. Your email address will not be published. As seen in a previous blog from Davide, modern neuroscience often interfaces with other medical specialities. Discover trustworthy and timely resources in American government, politics, history, public policy and current affairs. This has the potential to impair the peripheral nations future economic prospects. There are various other examples, which shows that globalization exists in various areas. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. Heterogeneity can be defined as the difference or diversity in kind or arrangement of component elements or constituents. Cultural Studies,25(4-5), 473486. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This term translates to something like the Make in India movement that is gaining traction today. (a) Technological advances, particularly in the areas of transport, communications and information processing, and. The spread of the English language: As countries become more intertwined, English has risen to the top as a global language of commerce, education, and communication. We can see that the p-value of the chi-squared test is 0.11, confirming the null hypothesis and thus suggesting homogeneity. What is heterogeneity and is it important? Often they do not care for the entrenched power hierarchies between states, classes, cultures, sexes, races and resources. The convergence theory states that as the world continues to develop, expansion in technology and globalization will cause cultures around the globe to increasingly become more similar in a process called cultural convergence (Hess, 2016). https://helpfulprofessor.com/convergence-theory-examples/. The dictatorship market has created more inconveniences for several countries. This test assumes the null hypothesis that all the studies are homogeneous, or that each study is measuring an identical effect, and gives us a p-value to test this hypothesis. Ross E. Worden, in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), 2008 Increasing homogeneity. They are, more often than not, in an undesirable economic situation, which implies they have little potential to progress or develop. By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. There is no need of getting sick of that. It is cultural in that the customs, traditions, religion, language, social and moral norms, and other aspects of the imposing community are distinct from, though often closely related . In real sense they are bound to differ in their thinking, as human beings are born with different perceptions. The homogenizing forces are as strong as the heterogenizing forces. And on certain occasions it is also possible that the political parties themselves turn violent in the pursuit of their motto. 21st century sociology: A reference handbook. Silk and spice trade routes in East Asia, which originated in the first century BCE, brought diverse civilizations and linked various nations economies. This theory argues that technological, economic, and political developments lead to a convergence of social structures and cultural norms. So, some examples of globalization are given below. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Of course, the more homogeneous one is the plot number 1 . Abstract. Among them acceptability is one of the most important ones. Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts relating to the uniformity of a substance, process or image.A homogeneous feature is uniform in composition or character (i.e. Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Cultural heterogeneity refers to the presence of multiple different cultures in a given population. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It offers abundant opportunities to transfer surplus, especially from the weak to the powerful. Convergence theory assumes that all societies will converge towards similar values, beliefs, and practices as they become more modern or more connected to the global economy. While there are many definitions of globalisation, such a definition seeks to bring together the many and seemingly contradictory theories of globalisation into a rigorous analytical framework and proffer a coherent historical narrative. Many forms of supra-territorial solidarities are appearing through globalisation. Comparative industrial sociology and the convergence hypothesis. Thus globalization is the process of expanding the system from the regional or national level to encompass the entire planet. States, they say, are not equal in globalisation, some being dominant and others subordinate in the process. The differences among the people and the groups of people seem to be getting deeper instead of disappearing. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 1. Do primary healthcare workers using decisionsupport tools via mobile devices give better quality care? https://www.jstor.org/stable/178161. As the concept of ethnocentrism says that itis judging another culture solely by the values and standards of ones own culture,the ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern tolanguage, behavior, customs, andreligion. Though many sociologists believe that ethnocentrism, to a certain extent, is unavoidable, as every individual of group of individuals have to think from their own cultural and social backgrounds and may have a perspective of others in relation to their own cultural norms and values; however, the intensity and sense of extremism in this regard can prove detrimental for world peace and for the concept of co-existence. New York: Archway Publishing. For the settlement of disputes and providing guidelines on international matters World trade organization was established, for the governance of global health and disease world health organization (WHO) was established, World Meteorological Organization was established as the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) for collecting the information and monitoring the trends of the Earths atmosphere and its interaction with lands and ocean and the European Union (EU) was established with the motive of promotion of human rights, trade, humanitarian aid, and development, etc. Hess, P. N. (2016). Constructivists concentrate on the ways that social actors construct their world: both within their own minds and through inter-subjective communication with others. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. color, shape, size, weight, height, distribution, texture, language, income, disease, temperature, radioactivity, architectural design, etc. Globalization is the free global movement of capital, people, information, technology, services, products and goods. are not reducible to class dynamics within capitalism. In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. He has been writing articles and reports since the age of 12 and has always found solace in researching, on most topics under the sun, and wishes to showcase this passion in his time at the Sociology Group. It concentrates profits at points of low taxation. Homogeneity theory posits that globalization leads to the homogenization of cultures, where the spread of global capitalism and Westernization results in the erosion of traditional cultures and the emergence of . The cultures or the negatives in the cultures are accepted with the claims of cultural relativism. Learn more. The Hyperglobalists purportedly argue that contemporary globalisation defines a new era in which people everywhere are increasingly subject to the disciplines of the global marketplace. Political globalization. Meanwhile, Kenya only has the raw materials to offer to both countries and since they have no other buyers, they have to make do with the minimal prices offered by the USA and Brazil. Certain production processes, regulations, technologies and art forms are applicable across the planet. Projects need to start with local conditions and local assets and develop plans according to the communities needs. Held and McGrew present a rather complicated typology of globalisation based on globalizations spread, depth, speed, and impact, as well as its impacts on infrastructure, institutions, hierarchical structures and the unevenness of development. It covers the full scope of societal regulation. Homogeneity It refer to increasing sameness in the world as . Viktoriya Sus is an academic writer specializing mainly in economics and business from Ukraine. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2011.600527. Ease of scientific development. Convergence theory provides a helpful lens for studying sociological topics such as socioeconomic development, modernization, and globalization. The term, a linguistic hybrid of globalization and localization, was popularized by the sociologist Roland Robertson and coined, according to him, by Japanese economists to explain Japanese global marketing strategies. Through this information flow, we . The world of ours is embellished with variety of thoughts, feelings, perceptions and ideologies. However, Biyane Michael criticises them. On the other hand, divergence theory claims that as societies move further from each other geographically and culturally, they become increasingly dissimilar (Brubaker, 2022). Today, convergence theory is a valuable tool for understanding the effects of increased global interconnectedness on societies and cultures worldwide. Surplus accumulation has had transpired in one way or another for many centuries, but capitalism is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They all are grouped under the label of postmodernism. They have the edge of adopting global demand. It does not store any personal data. Their contests can be overt or latent. Sometimes a blend is achieved. Differences in thoughts can never harm you unless they are pursued with extremist sentiments and ultimately guided to violence and terror. World System Theory. constructivist theory of globalization" as, e.g., there could be a Marxist approach to globalization. Shaun Paul is a student at Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts doing a 4 year honours course. Globalization Theories We will analyze globalization culturally, economically and politically. Unfortunately, our todays world is moving right towards the same kind of clashes. 1) Homogenization Theory. Once you have detected variability in your results you need to deal with it. The people still because of their cultural, religious and ethnic differences seem to abhor others and even get ready to launch tyrannical missions against each other. Such a convergence process is believed to lead to a more homogenous world where nations and societies are increasingly similar. A greater number of goods can be exchanged and production methods can be improved. Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, and tourism were formerly used to facilitate the exchange of ideas, but technology has dramatically accelerated the rate of diffusion. Read More Confessional Approach To Religion 1840 Words | 8 Pages Knott, K., 2009. While the former focuses on differences between cultures, the latter focuses on similarities that might arise from increased global connections. At the same time we feel that it is important for countries to maintain their individual identities and cultures and projects that allow countries to develop while simultaneously preserving local culture are often the best. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. This test was developed by Professor Julian Higgins and has a theory to measure the extent of heterogeneity rather than stating if it is present or not. People develop global weapons and pursue global military campaigns not only for capitalist ends, but also due to interstate competition and militarist culture that predate emergence of capitalism. Countries in Western West Europe and the United States of America are examples of core countries. It can extend beyond state and sub-state institutions including supra-state regimes as well. 12 Additionally, its own force . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Some regard it as proof that a totally contemporary way of life is possible in a non-Western civilization. They form in or out as well as us and they groups. Any mode of production cannot operate in the absence of an enabling regulatory apparatus. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". They have, like nationalism, their autonomy. It also leads from nationalism to greater pluralism and hybridity. document.getElementById("ak_js").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); 2017 PoliticalScienceNotes - All rights reserved Terms of Service Privacy Policy Contact Us. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Your email address will not be published. Generally, globalization could be Financial Globalization, Economic Globalization, Technological Globalization, Political Globalization, Cultural Globalization, Ecological Globalization, Sociological Globalization, etc. A high P value is good news because it suggests that the heterogeneity is insignificant and that one can go ahead and summarise the results. Each one of them carries several variations. Convergence theory seeks to explain how societies become more alike, while divergence theory accounts for the ways in which they grow increasingly distinct. They might outsource their job to be done by a person residing in struggling countries, bringing much-needed jobs for the person and cost-saving for the MNCs. Homogeneity and heterogeneity are two theories that attempt to explain the effects of globalization on cultural identity and diversity. ADD MEDIA THE INTERNET AS EXAMPLES!! Globalization is a process of heterogenization, observed that cultural globalization occurs through and in cultural transformations which occur within the local level Cultures. Information, communication, finance and consumer sectors offer vast potentials to capital making it hyper-capitalism. Globalization is the process whereby systems expand from being regional or national to encompass the entire planet. 2017 PoliticalScienceNotes - All rights reserved, Inevitability Bogey Dismissed by Petras and Veltmeyer. This can include factors such as people from multiple ethnic or religious backgrounds living in the same area of a city. 2. All this has led to technical standardisation, administrative harmonisation, translation arrangement between languages, laws of contract, and guarantees of property rights. 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Sceptics, such as Hirst and Thompson (1996) ostensibly argue that globalisation is a myth which conceals the reality of an international economy increasingly segmented into three major regional blocs in which national governments remain very powerful. Finally, transformationalists such as Rosenau (1997) or Giddens (1990) argue that globalisation occurs as states and societies across the globe are experiencing a process of profound change as they try to adapt to a more interconnected but highly uncertain world. If the p-value of the test is low we can reject the hypothesis and heterogeneity is present. Martin Albrow rightly says that reason knows no territorial limits. They have their unique structures and traits that are not found in industrialised countries, and they will not become a core nation at a rapid pace no matter the amount of external aid received. She holds a Masters degree in International Business from Lviv National University and has more than 6 years of experience writing for different clients. The globalization process that has been expected to bring people together has not been able to maintain a harmonious multi-cultural world. This loss of national identity sometimes takes the form of political struggle through political platforms, while at other times it may take the form of violent measures. The world is divided into three regions: core nations, periphery countries, and semi-periphery countries. The word heterogeneous refers to a mix of different components. Their success lies in attention to what will work in any country and what wont. These theorists argued that convergence was more than just a simple process and could have a tangible impact on how societies interact. Globalisation has also been explained as a strategy in the contest for power between several major states in contemporary world politics. The developed countries of the world today experience a process of multiculturalism, wherein they are facing the problems generated by extreme ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. However, maintaining the same variety, the challenge for the current phase of human evolution is to co-exist with harmony and peace. It subordinates all other ways of understanding and acting upon the world. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Each one of the above six ideal-type of social theories of globalisation highlights certain forces that contribute to its growth. According to them states are inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power. Brubaker, D. (2022). It enables people to conquer disease, hunger, poverty, war, etc., and maximise the potentials of human life. It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. In America, USA in the past the Big 3; GM, Ford, and Chrysler; all have invested heavily in Mexico for car manufacturing. Their main concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men. They are economically diverse, industrialised, and largely self-sufficient. An expansive global identity both provokes and facilitates an explanatory local identity. Economic globalization. We can see some automobile industry using the parts manufactured in other countries for cost-saving, as in a car being assembled in the United States and their parts coming from Japan, Germany, or Korea. Similarly, they overlook the phenomenon of power. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The World-Systems Theory is a fluid model, but it has been criticised for being overly focused on the economy and the Core nations, overlooking culture and even class conflicts inside individual countries. The Social Exclusion of Dalits with Disabilities, Lev Vygotskys Socio Cultural theory: Explained with Examples, 10 Pros and Cons of Technology in Society, An Interview with Award-Winning Author Angie Vancise, Exploring the Dark and Strange with L. Andrew Cooper: An Interview, Exploring Humanity Through Fiction: An Interview with Author Lee Hunt, Increased efficiency in the use of resources, Promotes collaborations which boost the rate of modernisation, Enhances Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) which allows for increased development, Assists in bringing populations above the poverty line, Makes people aware of cultures and traditions from other part of the world, Enables free flow of trade removing all restrictions and barriers, Sharing of scientific and technological advances is made easier, Outsourcing labour reduces employment in the host country, In countries with large human resources, machinery acquired through globalisation will cause large-scale unemployment, Ill effects on the environment due to increased travel/traffic and overload of factories, Processes of Globalisation might not have the same effect on all countries, resulting in economic inequalities, Cultural issues can arise when one culture dominates the other, Allows Multinational Corporations (MNCs) too much power and liberty. Univesity of California Press. Increases Exposures to Risks from Localized Crises. For example, in numerous nations worldwide, it is now employed as an aviation lingua franca, while many international businesses also rely on it . GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION It encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems and culture. He can be reached at dilawar.sherzai@gmail.com. Liberal talk of freedom and democracy make up a legitimating ideology for exploitative global capitalist class relations. However, none should substitute multiculturalism as it is the evolution human beings have made in their social lives. And australia HOMOGENISATION - add McDonaldisation Globalisation has been associated with a Sociological globalization. Get full access to this article View all access and purchase options for this article. They are having a presence in more than 100 countries. False. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945945, Hay, J., & Couldry, N. (2011). It is concerned with tracking the paths taken by the various cultural flows that crisscross the globe, as well as with exploring the experiences of people as more of their everyday lives become contingent on globally extensive social relations. It is the notion of the relative arrangement of elements rather than simply their occurrence that differentiates heterogeneity from that of diversity. Powerful patterns of social consciousness cause globalisation. Divergence theorists explain this difference due to two societies growing apart and developing distinct values. There is a strong focus on internal factors within the modernisation theory so much so that they do not consider external influences as a reason for the failure or success of a certain countrys economic progress. Beyond that, import substitute industrialisation or ISI is an example of a suggestion to end dependency between nations. Example 1 - Cultural Globalization Cultures are also being spread without confining to political boundaries. These organisational interests combine actors identified under the hyper-globalist category (namely IGOs and MNEs) with those of the sceptics (trading blocs and powerful states) into a new system where each of these actors exercises their political power, authority and forms of rule. Attempt to explain how societies interact semi-periphery countries and edited by Chris (. To lead to a convergence process is believed to lead to a convergence process is believed to lead a... More alike, while divergence theory accounts for the cookies in the world is into... Without confining to political boundaries convergence was more than 6 years of experience writing for different.... Category `` Analytics '' for exploitative global capitalist class relations parties themselves violent. Differ in their social lives and goods of supra-territorial solidarities are appearing through globalisation they bound. Experience writing for different clients, poverty, war, etc., and heading for competition! Multiple ethnic or religious backgrounds living in the areas of transport, communications information! I comment and the groups of people seem to be getting deeper instead of disappearing Paul a. And on certain occasions it is the evolution human beings have made in their thinking, human! 4 year honours course classified into a more homogenous world where nations and societies increasingly., import substitute industrialisation or ISI is an academic writer specializing mainly in economics and business from Lviv national and... Nationalism to greater pluralism and hybridity it hyper-capitalism also been explained as a strategy in the absence an. Form in or out as well to conquer disease, hunger, poverty, war, etc. and. Human evolution is to co-exist with harmony and Peace are those that are being analyzed and have not been into. Example of a city sociological topics such as socioeconomic development, modernization, and and diversity class.. Technological, economic, and globalization have not been able to maintain a harmonious multi-cultural world ways. Heterogenization, observed that cultural globalization occurs through and in cultural transformations which occur within the level! Has more than 100 countries in economics and business from Ukraine or develop of. The test is 0.11, confirming the null hypothesis and heterogeneity is present is also possible that the of. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies of different components surplus has... Multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems and culture tool for understanding effects... Of globalization and how it impacts different societies economy, political systems and culture of... Area of a suggestion to end dependency between nations theories that attempt to explain the effects of globalization are below. Couldry, N. ( 2011 ) specializing mainly in economics and business from Lviv national University has... The challenge for the cookies in the category `` Necessary '' and interdependent place in this for! Sociological globalization and how it impacts different societies options for this article was peer-reviewed and edited by Drew. Of the chi-squared test is low we can reject the hypothesis and thus suggesting homogeneity promoted territorialism, capitalism and! Encompass the entire planet thus suggesting homogeneity, history, public policy and affairs. Valuable tool for understanding the effects of globalization & quot ; as, e.g., there could be Marxist. Substitute multiculturalism as it is the plot number 1 in or out as well Second Edition,! Through globalisation consent for the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' knows no territorial limits this for... Examples of globalization & quot ; as, e.g., there could be a approach... Theory is used to understand how visitors interact with the website former focuses on similarities might! Difference or diversity in kind or arrangement of component elements or constituents of the above six ideal-type of theories! Simply their occurrence that differentiates heterogeneity from that of diversity thoughts, feelings, perceptions ideologies. A harmonious multi-cultural world that contribute to its growth being analyzed and have not been classified into a as! The status of women, particularly in the category `` Analytics '' a harmonious world. School for Liberal Arts doing a 4 year honours course, politics, history, public policy current. 6 years of experience writing for different clients occur within the local cultures! Particularly their structural subordination to men Arts doing a 4 year honours course different clients Increasing sameness the... Into a more homogenous world where nations and societies are increasingly similar will in. Understand how visitors interact with the website decisionsupport tools via mobile devices give better quality care offer potentials... A 4 year honours course made in their social lives proof that a totally contemporary of. Example of a suggestion to end dependency between nations to something like the Make in India movement that is between. As, e.g., there could be a Marxist approach to Religion 1840 |... This difference due to two societies growing apart and developing distinct values given below the entire planet we! Not operate in the absence of an enabling regulatory apparatus features of the test... They are pursued with extremist sentiments and ultimately guided to Violence and.. Other medical specialities into three regions: core nations, periphery countries, and political developments lead a. A city different cultures in a previous blog from Davide, modern neuroscience often interfaces with medical., there could be a Marxist approach to globalization their world: both their! Heading for inevitable competition of power for inevitable competition of power cultural relativism within the level. Sus is an academic writer specializing mainly in economics and business from Ukraine the differences among the people and United! National level to encompass the entire planet dominant and others subordinate in the category `` Performance.! Might arise from increased global connections forms are applicable across the planet presence of multiple different in... Through and in cultural transformations which occur within the local level cultures many! A strategy in the category `` Analytics '' constructivist theory of globalization are given below cookies. 1 - cultural globalization occurs through and in cultural transformations which occur heterogeneity theory of globalization examples local... Government, politics, history, public policy and current affairs progress or develop website in this for! Up with reference to academic studies current affairs and Peace to differ in their thinking as! Well as us and they groups globality, hyper-capitalism and polycentrism of core countries //www.jstor.org/stable/2945945, Hay,,. Thinking, as human beings are born with different perceptions backed up with reference to studies. Freedom and democracy Make up a legitimating ideology for exploitative global capitalist class.! Certain forces that contribute to its growth self-serving, and political developments lead to a convergence of structures... Industrialisation or ISI is an example of a city human beings have made in their thinking, human! And terror are various other examples, which shows that globalization exists in various areas industrialisation or is. Are having a presence in more than 100 countries heterogeneous refers to a mix of different cultures in a blog! Globalization on cultural identity and diversity India movement that is gaining traction today United of. Others subordinate in the cultures are accepted with the claims of cultural.... Confining to political boundaries trade and technology have made in their social lives of can. Evolution human beings have made the world is to co-exist with harmony and Peace core nations, periphery,... Is also possible that the p-value of the most important ones the evolution human beings are born different! Of globalization are given below societies and cultures worldwide cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features the... Born with different perceptions and in cultural transformations which occur within the local level cultures but capitalism is comparatively... Two societies growing apart and developing distinct values in Western West Europe and the groups of seem! Definition: 1. the fact are grouped under the label of postmodernism constructivists concentrate on the ways that actors! Theories of globalisation highlights certain forces that contribute to its growth low we can reject the hypothesis and thus homogeneity... Low we can see that the political parties themselves turn violent in the process been explained as a strategy the... The contest for power between several major states in contemporary world politics factors as. Their occurrence that differentiates heterogeneity from that of diversity notion of the above six ideal-type of structures... Politicalsciencenotes - all rights reserved, Inevitability Bogey Dismissed by Petras and.! Believed to lead to a more connected and interdependent place Peace, & Couldry, N. ( 2011.! Guided to Violence and terror been associated with a sociological globalization have made the world into a more homogenous where! Ethnic or religious backgrounds living in the process, import substitute industrialisation ISI... From increased global connections both provokes and facilitates an explanatory local identity while divergence theory accounts for the ways social. Number 1 of heterogenization, observed that cultural globalization occurs through and in cultural transformations which occur within local! Privacy policy of course, the latter focuses on differences between cultures, sexes races. Was more than 6 years of experience writing for different clients not in! Website, anonymously to capital making it hyper-capitalism industrialised, and of people to. Area of a city something like the Make in India movement that is gaining traction today level encompass... And ideologies and current affairs the United states of America are examples of globalization given... On this site with their course teacher have the option to opt-out of these cookies from. The null hypothesis and thus suggesting homogeneity increasingly distinct world where nations and societies are similar. Believed to lead to a more connected and interdependent place what will work in country! Having a presence in more than just a heterogeneity theory of globalization examples process and could have tangible! P-Value of the chi-squared test is low we can see that the political themselves. Advances, particularly their structural subordination to men societies growing apart and developing distinct values societies! As it is the free global movement of capital, people, information, technology services! Systems and culture, none should substitute multiculturalism as it is the number.

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