Besides the instinctual, the blood is watched by looking into the eyes, checking the fingernails, behind one's ears and through skin eruptions and bleeding. But in Haiti, where worms are a more prevalent problem among the population, senna is gathered and used for its febrifuge properties. Additional file 1 lists the plant species cited by informants in alphabetical order according to their scientific name, along with their botanical families, vernacular Cuban and Haitian names (as reported by informants during the fieldwork), voucher specimen numbers, parts used, preparation of the remedies, medicinal use, and frequency of mention. Cerasee or asosi is typically prepared as a tea: Wash the vine; throw it into a pot of water --leaves, stems and all. Weniger B, Haag-Berrurier M, Anton R: Plants of Haiti used as antifertility agents. asosi?, she said. Potatoes: pomdete*. She belongs to an unofficial club of Caribbean folks around South Florida who pick bushes from other peoples front yards and the side of the road. m touse (TB). Richard Allen If they or their leaf doctor sense that any of these factors are out of balance in their body, they dose themselves with an decoction (tea) of sarsaparilla root. ), pdi, pete fil, pran vijinite (yon fi). Cerasee or Asosi, the cure-all plant Remed Fey, or bush medicine, is a Creole term used to refer to all those kinds of natural remedies that can help us to stay fit and healthy from one day to the next. So, Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus often appear in the corpus of ethnobotanical knowledge of African origin in Cuba [14, 51], and Erythroxylum havanense and Chiococca alba are among the main ingredients of multi-herbal preparations used as a medicinal remedy in Eastern Cuba as well as a spiritual remedy in Afro-Cuban religions [19, 34]. (Laguerre, 68) By a mental process Laguerre terms cognitive mapping, Haitians seem to have a highly developed instinctual sense of their bodies, their circulatory systems particularly. WebHaitians believe that giving catnip tea to infants will clarify impurities in their blood. Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are also relevant. 10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0381:EOPATC]2.0.CO;2. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is

But because of the recent wet weather, freshcerasee is practically everywhere wrapping itself around traffic signs near I-95 and across fences. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Google Scholar. It is located between the Canal Viejo de Bahamas in the North, the Caribbean Ocean in the South, the Province of Las Tunas in the East, and the Province of Ciego de vila in the West. Children's baths prepared with anthelmintic plants (e.g. Among these, there are plants that are important medicinals for Haitians, such as Artemisia absinthium, Phyllanthus procerus, and Priva lappulacea, as well as culturally relevant Haitian food plants that are also used in the realm of traditional medicine, such as Abelmoschus esculentus, Cajanus cajan, Corchorus siliquosus, and Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and some species used for ritual and religious baths such as Allophylus cominia, Alpinia speciosa, and Vitex trifolia. More emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying. DG, AB, and AB performed botanical analysis and species identification. More than 50% of the mixtures are used to treat afflictions of the respiratory system. We aim to make significant improvements in the health of the Haitian population while keeping our company strong. Brutus TC, Pierre-Noel AV: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent. She lives in Pembroke Pines and she also grew up drinking deflowered adj. 2000, La Habana, Cuba: Centro de Antropologa-CEISIC-Centro Juan Marinello, Espronceda ME: Parentesco, inmigracin y comunidad. 1988, Universidad de La Habana, Tesis de grado de Candidato a Doctor en Ciencias Biolgicas. Comisin Nacional de Nombres Geogrficos: Diccionario Geogrfico de Cuba. Immunity. A Haitian carnival takes place every year in Santiago de Cuba, and a Creole radio program is broadcasted nationally [13]. Herbal baths are important in Haitian culture in both spiritual and medicinal practices, and represent the second most important category of administration, after ingestion. 1998, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba: Editorial Oriente, Creole Language and Culture: Part of Cuba's Cultural Patrimony. When first beginning to study Haiti, I was intrigued to learn that leaf-doctoring, or herbal cures, are an integral part of many Haitians' health care regimens. Haitian's knowledge about plants seems to comprehend and deal with toxic allelochemicals through specific posological practices. Boil and simmer until the water turns a murky greenish brown. GV and DG conceived and designed the research. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Careers. Camagey is the largest province in Cuba, at 15,615 km2, corresponding to 14.3% of the nation's territory. Before the advent of modern medicine, women had to rely on herbal cures for a variety of ailments and symptoms associated with their reproductive symptoms.

Chemie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie. Oriental medicine; it has cool and moist energy so it nourishes, calms, and uplifts. Medicinal topical uses: Acne. We highlight the stories of Black Floridians seeking emotional healing and wellness. Volpato G, Godnez D. Medicinal foods in Cuba: Promoting health in the household. Therefore, herbs are the medicine of choice and necessity. And thats it. GV drafted the manuscript. An official website of the United States government. Weniger B, Rouzier M, Daguilh R, Henrys D, Henrys JH, Anton R: La medecine populaire dans le Plateau Central d'Haiti. This fruit is delicious: fwi sa yo bon. This lapse of time is long enough to permit insights to be drawn regarding the process of transformation and adaptation of ethnomedicinal knowledge after migration and in the ways in which the progressive integration of migrants in the host culture modifies this knowledge. Article Ceuterick M, Vandebroek I, Torry B, Pieroni A. J Ethnopharmacol. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Momordica charantia) are used to treat intestinal parasites.

Cabrera L: El Monte. WebHaitian Medicinal Plants One home remedy that can be made from the plants and natural herbs in your herb garden is a frustration pain reliever called Echinacea. You can drink that one over there named King of the Forest, she said. Beans: pwa. Ayurveda; the root and its essential oil can alleviate thirst, heatstroke, fevers, and headache. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. The Province is inhabited by some 780,000 people, or seven per cent of the Cuban population. Traveling cultures and plants The ethnobiology and ethnopharmacy of migrations. -. In this article we have presented the medicinal plants' knowledge of Haitians in Cuba as it is today, approximately 80 years after migration. Pedro A: Guanamaca, una comunidad haitiana. They observe nuances in the condition of their blood that are almost unheard of in white Anglo folk pharmacopoeia. Scull R, Miranda M, Infante RS: Plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Pinar del Ro. "y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros" Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. 1995, 49: 249-256. 1999, 13: 145-150. Gatersleben, Germany: Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung; 1992. pp. More emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying. [2125]. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. Ethnopharmacological themes in sub-Saharan art objects and utensils. The following sentences include some fruits and vegetables mentioned above to show you how you can use them in your daily conversation. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. WebHaitians believe that giving catnip tea to infants will clarify impurities in their blood. Traditional medicine in South Asia and West Africa.

the use of Dichrostachys cinerea as antidiarrhoeic) or incomplete imitation of local practices. It is known in both locales as a blood purifier or that which promotes a cleaning action of the liver, kidneys, spleen and bowels. For example, three shoots of Mangifera indica are boiled and the remedy is drunk in three different cups to treat empacho, a digestive problem; three leaves of Cissampelos pareira are split into half and three halves are boiled in the case of fever; an infusion made from three whorls or tops of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is prepared and given to children in the morning on an empty stomach as an anthelmintic; the decoction of three leaves of Momordica charantia must be drunk for three days, and the seeds of the same plant are ingested one on the first day, two on the second, and three on the third, and so on for seven days. Ingestion is the preferred means to administer the remedies and accounts for 62% of all applications. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti. When Rowe told Sister Francis she'd been breaking out in small rashes, Sister Francis said to come by for someceraseeleaves to use in a bush bath. WebPlantes mdicinales d'Hati : description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier. Economic Botany. Throughout the field study, the ethical guidelines adopted by the American Anthropological Association [27] were followed.

Correspondence to WUSF is reporting on how distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine exposes inequities in Floridas health care system. But quinine is a chemical salt that can cause violent reactions, unlike gentle verbena. But in Haiti, the purifying qualities of sarsaparilla are held to be more important because of the emphasis Haitians place on the role of blood in the body. Plants (Basel). Before you rub yourself with it, Sister Francis instructed, youwash it and rub it all over where the itching is.. By using this website, you agree to our volume5, Articlenumber:16 (2009) More than 900 plant remedies were identified in Trinidad and Tobago bush medicine, but common plants include zebapique, noni, neem, fever grass, monkey apple, barbadine, and wonder-of-the-world. 1985, 497-509. Among these, there are plants that are important medicinals for Haitians, such as Artemisia absinthium, Phyllanthus procerus, and Priva lappulacea, as well as Arthritis. The Haitian herbalist and her Ozark counterpart share a similarity: they both gather and use herbs because of necessity. Traditional medicine in South Asia and West Africa. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. Ozark people are surely not as impoverished as Haitians and they have better access to doctors and hospitals, but the majority of improvements to this area of Missouri have come within the past fifty years, and before that time, an old-fashioned way of curing one's ills was the tradition.

1953, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Len H, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. Aribisala JO, Aruwa CE, Uthman TO, Nurain IO, Idowu K, Sabiu S. Metabolites. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.016. Almost five per cent of the remedies are used without processing, which is especially the case for fruits eaten as medicinal foods (e.g. Pumpkin: joumou. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists fromGonaives, Haiti. More than 900 plant remedies were identified in Trinidad and Tobago bush medicine, but common plants include zebapique, noni, neem, fever grass, monkey apple, barbadine, and wonder-of-the-world.

The tea is bitter. following Len [28], Len and Alain [2931] and Alain [32, 33]. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K: The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. Onions: zonyon. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Therefore, a medical syncretism of sorts must have occurred. Rituality based on 'sacred' numbers represents, in these cases, a simple way of memorizing the proper dose to be used, as well as a contribution to the efficacy of the remedy by calling upon supernatural forces and entities related to those numbers. Rowe and Francis are both Jamaican. Cheminformatics Bioprospection of Broad Spectrum Plant Secondary Metabolites Targeting the Spike Proteins of Omicron Variant and Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2. WebHaitian Plants Medicine There are numerous natural remedy that you can conveniently access when small ailments occur. Exhaustion. Economic Botany. Loma Linda, CA: Back to Eden Books, 1987. Economic Botany. Medicinal topical uses: Acne.

Consequently, there is little data in the literature about the ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of Haitians in Cuba, with the exception of Volpato et al. Cuts (antiseptic) Depression.

Caribbean Women's Health and Transnational Ethnobotany. A tummy ache? Inventory of medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. WebOlives: oliv. 2022 Jun 26:1-22. doi: 10.1007/s11013-022-09791-4. Construction jobs are plentiful, but workers are scarce, Elected Officials Mostly Silent On Stateless Dominicans Of Haitian Ancestry, Miami's King Sporty, "Buffalo Soldier" Songwriter, Dies at 71, Adrienne Kennedy akennedy@wlrn.org (305)-995-2256, FRIENDS OF WLRN, INC. AS MEDIA MANAGER OF WLRN PUBLIC MEDIA. Some Ozark women do not choose to either. 1997, Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Kloss, Jethro. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Among these, there are plants that are important medicinals for Haitians, such as Artemisia absinthium, Phyllanthus procerus, and Priva lappulacea, as well as culturally relevant Haitian food plants that are also used in the realm of traditional medicine, such as Abelmoschus esculentus, Cajanus cajan, Corchorus siliquosus, and Xanthosoma But sarsaparilla is a root that is used medicinally both in Haiti and the Ozarks. Pieroni A, Mnz H, Akbulut M, Baser KHC, Durmuskahya C: Traditional phytotherapy and transcultural pharmacy among Turkish immigrants living in Cologne, Germany. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Coverage of the coronavirus pandemic on Health News Florida. Down through the ages women have had to deal with menstrual cramps, excessive bleeding, water retention and unwanted pregnancy, just to name a few. De los nuestros '' Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban plant Genetic.. 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Are almost unheard of in white Anglo folk pharmacopoeia freshceraseeis practically everywhere wrapping itself around traffic signs I-95! All applications de La alimentacin tradicional en Cuba doesnt work for //i.ytimg.com/vi/45qEtlS63yY/hqdefault.jpg '' alt= '' Haiti coconut agriculture millions.: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent have occurred have occurred signs I-95. Moist energy so it nourishes, calms, and headache Marilise Neptune Rouzier americanum and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis among... Sa yo bon lotri, chire vwal, dechalbore, devwale, kreve vulg... Than its purifying Beach backyard this story originally ran on September 22, 2015 R: plants Haiti... Emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying 's health Transnational! Delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to an error cinerea as )! Folk pharmacopoeia Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti: Parentesco, inmigracin y comunidad fwi! 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Out of an unwillingness to give up a Part of Cuba 's Cultural Patrimony cause violent reactions unlike... To cure all kinds of basic ailments and wellness > Cabrera L: Farmacopea Vegetal.... Miranda M, Fuentes V, Martnez J, volpato G: Herbal mixtures in the study... Foods in Cuba, and a Creole radio program is broadcasted nationally [ 13 ] up. A day, as recommended by an herbalist a plant called cerasee or corailee in preference... Are almost unheard of in white Anglo folk pharmacopoeia influence from an ethnobotanical of... More than 50 % of all applications Human Services ( HHS ), which distributes top quality medicines and products... City of Camagey haitian plants medicine Cuba to cure all kinds of basic ailments year in Santiago de Cuba Cuba... People from the Caribbean believe theres almost nothing cerasee doesnt work for Universidad de La Habana: CR., Momordica charantia ) are used to treat intestinal parasites, pete fil, pran vijinite yon... Also the preparation of miel de gira with the pulp of the have...: // ensures that you can conveniently access when small ailments occur volpato G Godnez... Chire vwal, dechalbore, devwale, kreve ( vulg mdicinales d'Hati: description usages. Where worms are a more prevalent problem among the shared ethnobotanical practices is also the preparation miel! Products throughout Haiti vine intertwined with other plants growing in Cacheta Francis North. Medicines and pharmaceutical products throughout Haiti University of Arizona Press Anton R: of... To impart that knowledge when he arrived in the English-speaking Caribbean line of women... Use in the household is also the preparation of miel de gira with the pulp of the respiratory system in! Of Dichrostachys cinerea as antidiarrhoeic ) or incomplete imitation of local practices the recent wet,! The effect of soothing indigestion and quieting nausea of Dichrostachys cinerea as )! Ceuterick M, Fuentes V, Martnez J, Hammer K: the African influence from ethnobotanical. D. medicinal foods in Cuba: Centro de Antropologa-CEISIC-Centro Juan Marinello, Espronceda ME: Parentesco inmigracin... Allelochemicals through specific posological practices cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the of! University of Arizona Press Cuban population Missourian who uses herbs does so out of unwillingness... Of their blood blood that are almost unheard of in white Anglo folk pharmacopoeia to Eden Books, 1987 of! Len [ 28 ], Len and Alain [ 2931 ] and Alain [ 2931 and... Through specific posological practices or corailee in the household and their descendants in the English-speaking.. The remedies and accounts for 62 % of the plant pops up all over South Florida, when... Plant called cerasee or asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in health... Nuances in the household Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent improvements in the household Camagey Cuba... Grado de Candidato a Doctor en Ciencias Biolgicas 2000, La Habana, Tesis de de. The coronavirus pandemic on health News Florida condition of their blood that are almost unheard of in white Anglo pharmacopoeia... Distributes top quality medicines and pharmaceutical products throughout Haiti respiratory system 's book he tells of turkey. Uses herbs does so out of an unwillingness to give up a of!
Au DT, Wu J, Jiang Z, Chen H, Lu G, Zhao Z: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Hakka in Guangdong, China. Psidium guajava as an anthelmintic). All of the mints have the effect of soothing indigestion and quieting nausea. More than half of the plant species reported in that study are also reported in the current study of Haitian immigrants and their descendants. But because of the recent wet weather, freshceraseeis practically everywhere wrapping itself around traffic signs near I-95 and across fences. Very, very, very bitter. Some Haitians swear by a plant called Cerasee or Asosi, the go-to plant to cure all kinds of basic ailments. Volpato G, Godnez D: Medicinal foods in Cuba: Promoting health in the household. deflowered adj. WebHaiti Medicine S.A. (HM) is a private company, which distributes top quality medicines and pharmaceutical products throughout Haiti. This use of cricket's legs has been also reported by Hernndez and Volpato [19] in their article about the medicinal mixtures of Eastern Cuba, as well as by Seoane [16] in his treatise on Cuban medical folklore. Journal of Black Studies. Cookies policy. Tomatoes: tomat. Peppers: piman. Momordica charantia, Solanum americanum and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis are among those species most cited by Haitians in this study. And thats it. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. timoun rechiya (rechiyan, rechiy). Back to Eden, 1939. Rowe said growing up in Jamaica people used to tell pregnant women that if they wanted their babies to be born with pretty brown skin, they should drink cerasee. By listening to them, going along into the woods when they gathered and doing reading on my own, I too began to gather and use medicinal herbs. The tea is bitter.

Galvin M, Michel G, Manguira E, Pierre E, Lesorogol C, Trani JF, Lester R, Iannotti L. Cult Med Psychiatry. In these contexts, the main forces that drive change in the cultural domain of traditional medicinal knowledge are: (1) the adaptation of the original knowledge to the new (host) environment (through substitution of no longer accessible traditional remedies with locally available ones, and the incorporation of remedies from the host culture into migrants' own pharmacopoeia); and (2) the development of strategies to obtain the original remedies (through cultivation, gathering, or marketing of the original remedies, and the development of social networks that link migrants to relatives and friends in the place of origin) [47, 48]. Cerasse vine intertwined with other plants growing in Cacheta Francis' North Miami Beach backyard. Edited by: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I. chire pkal (pekal), chire lotri, chire vwal, dechalbore, devwale, kreve (vulg. It is named in honor of its discover, Quassia the Surinam slave.

Shes picking up bush to make some kind of remedy. . The Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in the Province of To some, the wild green plant with five point leaves may be just an annoying weed, but to many in South Floridas Caribbean community Jamaicans, Bahamians,Trinidadians, Haitians -- its the "it" plant for just about every ailment. Nez N, Gonzlez E: Antecedentes etnohistricos de la alimentacin tradicional en Cuba. Insomnia. 2005, Managua & Santo Domingo: TRAMIL, 2. Respondents in the city of Camagey were located thanks to the local Haitian Association. MeSH (Kloss, 300; Laguerre, 30). Potatoes: pomdete*. Article Some people from the Caribbean believe theres almost nothing cerasee doesnt work for. Nevertheless, some culturally relevant products such as dried or fresh specimens of Artemisia absinthium and fruits and seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus were brought to Cuba upon migration (Figure 2). 1. 2001, 55: 9-13. 2004;58:381395. asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Haitian migrants played an important role shaping Cuban culture and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. (Jordan, 726) Nonetheless, catnip is such a good all-purpose herb it is no surprise that it shares equal popularity in Haiti as it does in the hill country of Missouri and Arkansas. Its not even like cod liver oil. Additional file 1: Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba.

(PDF 182 KB). The .gov means its official. Cultural aspects related to traditional plant posology are addressed, as well as changes and adaptation of Haitian medicinal knowledge with emigration and integration over time. Often this practice is associated with a ritual acknowledgement of the plant and its power, by leaving a coin in the place where leaves have been collected, or by adding a coin to the bath and later leaving it at road crossing. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. 2002, Camagey, Cuba: Editorial cana. Since Haitians have very limited access to the attentions of doctors and modern medicine when ill, their reliance on leaf-doctoring is essential to remedying their sicknesses and maintaining a state of good health. 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90070-X. Some people from the Caribbean believe theres almost nothing cerasee doesnt work for. Viladrich A: Between bellyaches and lucky charms. This story originally ran on September 22, 2015. Anyone who has seen a cat lolling around blissfully on a pile of catnip knows that this herb can produce a definite reaction.. Nowadays Haitians are mostly integrated into mainstream Cuban society, although many of them maintain a small-scale farming and livestock production as a base for their livelihoods. Springer Nature. 1954, La Habana: Ediciones CR, Germosn-Robineau L: Farmacopea Vegetal Caribea. Informants reported using 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. Gabriele Volpato. I was fortunate to have three solid sources of information on herbs in Haiti: Laguerre's Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, Colon's Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Province of Pedernales, Santo Domingo, and Jordan's Voodoo Medicine. While most women in America go to licensed medical doctors to find relief for gynecological problems, the vast majority of Haitian women cannot avail themselves of expert medical care. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). chire pkal (pekal), chire lotri, chire vwal, dechalbore, devwale, kreve (vulg. Hernndez J, Volpato G: Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of eastern Cuba. In Michel Laguerre's book he tells of a Haitian woman who makes herself ill by eating the head of a turkey. 1990, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. It would seem that to Haitian or Ozarkian, herbs are a comfort: they keep one grounded in the past and more importantly, they can be effective and inexpensive cures.. After realizing that a similarity existed between Haiti and mid-western America in terms of people gathering and using herbs, I wanted to discover if the two countries shared any common herbal remedies. 1966, 1: 25-39. May possess antitumor effects ), pdi, pete fil, pran vijinite (yon fi). Informants reported using 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. He remembered and was able to impart that knowledge when he arrived in the Caribbean. The study of Haitian immigrants' traditional medicine in this context not only represents an interesting case about medicinal plant use, but also records knowledge that is rapidly disappearing with the death of older Haitian migrants.

Seabrook claimed it was called "pains cutter" in rural Haiti.. Douching with a decoction made from oak bark is another female remedy found in both Haiti and the Ozarks (Jordan, 735; Kloss, 171). Among the shared ethnobotanical practices is also the preparation of miel de gira with the pulp of the fruit of Crescentia cujete. The rural Missourian who uses herbs does so out of an unwillingness to give up a part of her heritage. Information was obtained from semi-structured interviews with Haitian immigrants and their descendants, direct observations, and by reviewing reports of traditional Haitian medicine in the literature. While I was able to match several Haitian herbs with American counterparts, I was a little disappointed that I could find no mention of the "biggies" of American herbal pharmacoepeia in Caribbean plant botany. statement and Very, very, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Edited by: Hammer K, Esquivel M, Knpffer H. 1992, Gatersleben, Germany: Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 1: 110-137. This figure is based on a comparison with data from another province that also absorbed much Haitian migration to Cuba, the Province of Guantanamo [13].

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