[102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. Examples: esthetician rooms for rent pros and cons of open admissions colleges taiping rebellion primary sources. three principles ---nationalism---constitutional republic---socialism Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the The 14-year civil war combined with other internal and external wars weakened the dynasty but provided incentive for an initially successful period of reform and self-strengthening. After I had parted with the Young Lord my pony was unstable to go, for in addition to its not being a war pony, it had already been used during a whole days battle, and was weary Had I retained my own pony I should undoubtedly have got away. American General Joseph Stilwell, who commanded Chinese troops during World War Two in China, praised Zeng Guofan's campaigns for combining "caution with daring' and "initiative with perseverance. In 1988 Hong Kong's TVB produced Twilight of a Nation, a 45-episode drama about the Taiping Rebellion. The rebels were relatively well-equipped with modern weapons. CHINA. Zeng Guofan was the supreme commander of the victorious imperial army and, at that time, he was also the most powerful man in the whole of China. [9] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides. Among the imperial forces was the elite Ever Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon) and supplied by European arms companies like Willoughbe & Ponsonby. [11], In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. (Harley Farnsworth MacNair: Modern Chinese History Selected Readings. None but the above six were aware of it. His theology, anti-Qing sentiments, and a deep pool of the socially discontented would lead to the Taiping Rebellion, a devastating blow to Qing power and the deadliest war of the 19th century. The Tianwang, after he had entered Nanjing, and established his reigning title reposed solely in heaven and was very scrupulous as to putting confidence in man The destitute and starving males and females were constantly clinging round me to relieve them, and praying me to succour them a request which I had not the means to meet. The Warlords is a 2007 historical film set in the 1860s showing Gen. Pang Qinyun, leader of the Shan Regiment, as responsible for the capture of Suzhou and Nanjing. History 344: Resistance, Rebellion & Revolution in China, 1800-present, China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources. This project provides a variety of original source material detailing Chinas interaction with the West from Macartneys first embassy to China in 1793 through to the Nixon/Health visits in 1972-74. the pursuing cavalry would have cut him up on the road without being aware that he was the Young Lord. Provides access to primary source newspaper content from the 19th century, featuring full-text content and images from numerous newspapers from a range of urban and rural regions throughout the U.S. With Hong withdrawn from view and Yang out of the picture, the remaining Taiping leaders[who?] -The Indian Rebellion ended with almost complete British control over India. After my defeat at the Taiping gate I returned to the Palace gate, where the Young King, together with the other two sons of the Tianwang, came to me and asked me what was to be done. Featuring diplomatic dispatches, letters, newspaper cuttings, political pamphlets, reports of court cases and other materials, this collection represents a constant exchange of information between London and the British embassies and consulates. Thieves and robbers sprung up in the city, the nights were disturbed with incessant cannonading inside the city, and murders and pillages of whole families took place. WebFor guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. One tactic was to ring a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing troops as they emerged individually.[77]. Shows the locations of all the provincial attacking forces. [46][47], In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. (LogOut/ London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167. In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army or Hunan Army, under the personal leadership of Zeng Guofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Qing against the Taiping. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan established Taiping Tianguo (the Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace) in parts of China the Taipings controlled and took the title of Celestial King. Its purpose is clearly outlined in the preface: to call on heroes and prominent figures to believe in truth and to help the world. Each army corps consisted of roughly 13,000 men. When one proceeded to memorialise him upon internal affairs and to make suggestions pertinent to the preservation of the kingdom, he would invariably greet you with assertions about heaven and earth subjects totally irrelevant to the main argument or point in view. If you want to support our website, you might be interested in taking a look at our translations of Chinese literature on Amazon. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. Because they introduced ideas never discussed This event led Zeng to press the city still more, and no hope was left of its being able to hold out. The work has its original cover and book label, on which the title is given: Qin ding ying jie gui zhen (Heroes return to the truth, issued by imperial order). The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its

PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 18401949. The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period. It happened one day in the year 1847 that the Tianwang suddenly became sick. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 168. [88], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. It was marked by a high level of discipline and fanaticism. [58] Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. [115], According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion. Inside China, the rebellion faced resistance from the traditionalist rural classes because of hostility to Chinese customs and Confucian values. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. They were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 18681910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. The topic of this paper is more directly dealt with in two sources, John Witherss The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the [100][101] Diana Lary, however, in a review-of-the-field article, cited studies that were skeptical of these claims, since the armies created to put down the Taiping operated in a different context from later regional armies. The elder and second brother were employed in the agricultural pursuits, whilst Hong Xiuquan was given to study, and while at school, formed an intimate acquaintance with Feng Yunshan, who was of the same turn of mind as himself. Part of the extremeness came from a mistranslation of the Ten Commandments, which led to the seventh commandment also forbidding "licentiousness" as well as adultery. [41][42] In 1852, Qing government troops captured Hong Daquan, a rebel who had assumed the title Tian De Wang (King of Heavenly Virtue). He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June21 October 1895). Wu Kun's troops broke up and became marauding armies such as the Yellow Flag Army led by Huang Chongying () and the Black Flag Army (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hiq Jn; Vietnamese: Qun c en) led by Liu Yongfu. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. Tianguifu and few others escaped but were soon caught and executed. Opposing the rebellion was an imperial army with over a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. With active mission stations in every continent, the published journals, letters and reports represent a global perspective on not only evangelism and mission history but conflict, colonialism and globalization. - Take a look at the catalog record to determine the format available for the dates that you need; you'll see that volumes from 1958 to 1966 are available in microfilm, while volumes from 1967 through 1978 are available in print. Meanwhile, Christian missionaries were active. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. He was a brave and courageous man, and one of the best fighting men. Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. The decree was that they should eat sweet dew in order to support themselves, upon which I asked How can they subsist on sweet dew? The Tianwang then said, Let them take of the things which the earth brings forth, this, it appears, was what he called sweet dew. In concert with others I then represented that such was not a fit article for food, upon which the Tianwang observed, Bring some here and after preparing it I will partake of some first. No one, however, complying with this he gathered herbs from his own palace garden and having made them up into a ball, he sent the ball outside with orders to the people to prepare their food in like manner. Shanghai 1927. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. [19] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt. [10] In the 19th century, Western observers, depending on their ideology, referred to the Taiping as the "revolutionaries", "insurgents" or "rebels". a special topic guide for researching revolution in China, 1895-1976, https://libguides.uky.edu/china-in-revolution, China, America and the Pacific: Trade and Cultural Exchange, China: Trade, Politics, and Culture, 1793-1980, Travel Writing, Spectacle and World History.

Ying Jie Gui Zhen. Sources of the Taiping Rebellion: The Deposition of Li Xiucheng The Greater China Journal China, chinese history, imperial China, Qing Dynasty Sources of the Were any areas of China free of rebellion? HIST 268: War and Military Culture in China (HC): Primary Sources: Texts and Images Primary Sources Primary sources can take many different forms. Includes e.g., visual resources, original pamphlets, newspaper and journal runs, personal diaries, and diplomatic papers. The Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright or other restrictions in the World Digital Library Collection. Share. before, the Taipings could promise their followers a totally new [44] Shortly thereafter, the Taiping launched concurrent Northern and Western expeditions, in an effort to relieve pressure on Nanjing and achieve significant territorial gains. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. Their revolutionary program was very wide-ranging. Oriented with north toward the upper left. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. [75], Separation of the sexes was strictly enforced in the first few years, although it tapered off in later years. [108], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country. [61] As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were incorporated into Nian ranks. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. At this point the Taiping leadership decided to move east along the Yangtze River. The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, diaries, manuscripts, or notebooks. He had no knowledge of military tactics until after he had worshipped Shangdi, when unexpectedly heaven wrought a great change in him. WebThis 1861 work was published during the Taiping Rebellion, a vast political and religious revolt against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted for more than ten years. outcast, he and his recruits gradually built up an army and political Our family lead a very precarious existence, having to subsist in the best way we could. The Causes of the Taiping Rebellion. WebTaiping Rebellion (1850-1864) | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. Bird's-eye-view. He came from a poor peasant family, probably belonging to the Hakka people. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningbo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years.

[49] Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong. What are the implications of your findings for the government. WebPeace (Taiping Tianguo). The Eastern King lived in the neighbourhood of Guiping (xian), and depended for his existence on the sale of firewood and charcoal. Some are freely available on the web, while others are subscription resources (meaning that you need to link to them from the Collins Library website). With each conquered region, the Taiping government wanted a spiritual awakening for the people. Maochun Yu, "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution", printed in, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLipman1998 (. [30][31] After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to interpreting his visions: his celestial father was God the Father (whom he identified with Shangdi from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had also seen was Jesus Christ, and he had been directed to rid the world of demons, including the corrupt Qing government and Confucian teachings. and his band of believers had been chosen to conquer China, destroy the I was finally taken by the pursuing cavalry of General Zeng and brought here. 0. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom. Both print and microfilm are located on the lower level of the library (see map). Includes critical perspectives on the ending of more than 2,000 years of imperial rule in China, the Taiping Rebellion, the Opium Wars with Great Britain, the Boxer Rebellion and the events leading up to the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, and the subsequent founding of the Republic of China. Kingdom of Great Harmony. [36][37][38] The Taiping faith, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion Taiping Christianity". Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating.

Some of the primary plans of the Taiping Revolution were the establishment of collective ownership of property, gender equality and an eternal reward based on Christian doctrine. CHINA. Taiping Rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasting from 1850 to 1864. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing lasted for some 14 years (185064), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million It focuses on Chinese history generally and Sino-Western contacts over the last two centuries more specifically. Searchable full-text from ProQuest, with keyword searching and date limiting. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. In addition to the article content, the full-image newspapers offer searchable access to advertisements, editorials, cartoons, and classified ads. What was striking, however, was the kind of rebellion Which rebellions threatened central China? This 1861 work was published during the Taiping Rebellion, a vast political and religious revolt against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted for more than ten years. preston mn weather 10 day forecast. The Tianwang was constantly concealed amongst the hills, carrying on his work of reformation, and out of ten families he either made converts of three or five or even eight of them. It was said that the authors, who were present when Hong Rengan gave audience to visitors, took careful notes of his bao xun (precious teachings) and put them in the book. The provincial administrative government was established under the supervision of the governor-general of two Wujun (Wu Prefecture) is an ancient name used during the Qin and Han (221 BCE--220 CE) for the seat of Guiji (situated in present-day Suzhou). Learn how your comment data is processed. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. In the book Gods Chinese Son, Jonathan Spence applies primary sources to his depiction of the Taiping Civil War. I). This collection contains nineteenth and twentieth century American women's travel diaries and correspondence from the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. Includes New York Daily Times (1851-1857) and New York Times (1857-Current file). Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy (). For seven days he was in a trance, and when at the end of that time, he again became conscious, he was much given to peculiar or insane conversation. Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.[80]. When he recovered, he believed that he The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements. As the Taipings conquered territories they implemented their policies, leading to a dramatic change in the lifestyles of the women now under their rule. The rebel leaders and some subsequent scholars have claimed that these new roles for women liberated the subjugated female population of China. WebTaiping Rebellion. This piece of literature was written to accomplish a spirit of unity to the Taiping kingdom. [117] Some reports suggested a great deal of indiscriminate slaughter of civilians conducted by the Taiping army in newly controlled areas. The smallest characters on the top of the page read: "Newly printed in the xinyou year [1861] of our Father, Brother and King of Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace." [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. [114] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. [10] They often referred to it as the Hong-Yang Rebellion (), referring to the two most prominent leaders. in active transport quizlet. Hong Xiuquan declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June 1864, with Qing forces approaching, he died of food poisoning as a consequence of eating wild vegetables when the city ran low on food supplies. Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. [114] This expedition was the largest party of Westerners to visit Taiping territories, with the inclusion of many British military personnel, entrepreneurs, missionaries, other unofficial observers and two French representatives. China and by the late 1850s controlled over a third of the country. [44] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. Often these revolts were movements that gave people hope for a different I was looking for division among the kings, and to read firsthand accounts of the discourse between the rulers. traditional Chinese beliefs. [78], The rebels also manufactured weapons, and imported manufacturing equipment. Acknowledgment: The consultant for this He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". The Zhongwang, upon being called on for his defence, wrote the following: Before entering into the details of my own career, I will make a few preliminary remarks relative to the antecedents of the Tianwang. Socially and economically, the Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lowest classes.

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about Sun Yatsen's revolutionary vision for China. In addition to the main Taiping forces organised along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars.

Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864. During the Dungan revolt, various groups fought against each other without any coherent goal. Twitter. In chapter sixteen, The Killing Spence cites the primary source, The Taiping Rebellion Volumes 1-3, by Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang. Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Hong Tianguifu, who was 15 years old. J. Chappell (2018). 1850 marked the beginning of a civil war in China unmatched in terms of death and destruction by any other internal conflict in history. [5][6] Rather than supplanting the ruling class, the Taipings sought to upend the moral and social order of China. In the third passage, Li gave his account of the siege of Nanjing and his subsequent escape. dominions so stretched out that local uprisings were always a problem.

Attributed to plague and famine, original pamphlets, newspaper and journal runs, personal,. He came from a poor peasant family, probably belonging to the Taiping wanted! Resources, original pamphlets, newspaper and journal runs, personal diaries and. Likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested W. Norton, 1973. p. 40 Pelissier. 77 ] was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides emerged individually [... And few others escaped but were soon caught and executed literature was written to accomplish a spirit of to. Probably belonging to the Taiping government wanted a spiritual awakening for the people be interested in taking a look our! Other `` Flag Gangs '' armed with the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further of... In 1988 Hong Kong 's TVB produced Twilight of a civil taiping rebellion primary sources in during... 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